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As the gradient decreases, drainage becomes more sluggish towards south-east with numerous abandoned courses, ox­bow lakes and sandy stretches.Īlthough featureless plain the topographic prominences include a 32 km wide zone of unassorted sediments along the foot hills of the Siwaliks called Bhabar, followed by a zone of seepage with fine sand, silt and clay (called Terai), the ravine landscape or a bad land topogra­phy in the Yamuna-lowerChambal tract, the areas of older alluvium beyond the flood level (the Bangar or Uparhar), the areas of lower alluvium susceptible to frequent flooding (the Khadar or Tarhar), the undu­lating sandy uplands (called Bhur) along the eastern bank of the Ganga in Moradabad and Bijnor dis­tricts, the river bluffs (levees), and the abandoned channels forming ox-bow lakes and meandering courses of the rivers. Besides the Ganga and Yamuna other important rivers of the region include Ramganga, Gomati, Ghaghara and Rapti etc. The region has an average elevation between 100 and 300 m with average slope of 24 cm per km towards south-east. which is about 63% of the total area of Uttar Pradesh. It occupies a total area of 1, 49,029 sq. South, the Siwalik hills in the north and 100 m contour line (Allahabad-Faizabad railway line) in the east (73° 3’E-82° 21’E and 25° 15’N-30°-17’N). (a) The Upper Ganga Plain-This region is bordered by the Yamuna river in the west and the Singh the Ganga Plains may be divided into three smaller physiographic units : The main physiographic variations in the plains include bhabar, terai, bhangar, khadar, river bluffs, dead channels, deferred junc­tions or bhils and badlands etc. Roorkee 274 m, Delhi 216 m, Meerut 222m, Aligarh 187 m, Agra 169 m, Hardoi 142 m, Kanpur 126m, Lucknow 111 m, Allahabad 98 m, Varanasi 76 m, Patna 53 m, Bhagalpur 49 m, Barddhaman 32 m, Kolkata 6 m, and Sagar Island 3 m. The maximum height is found near Saharanpur (276 m) from where it goes on decreasing towards the Sagar Islands, i.e. The plain has a general gradient of about 15 cm per km from north-west to south-east although there are many micro-slopes.

‘All through its course in the plains, the river is a braided stream bordered by low-lying depressions which get flooded during rains.’ (Sharma and Coutinho, 1988, p. and is drained by the Ganga and its tributaries like the Yamuna, and Son in the south and Ramganga, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi in the north. It occupies a total area of about 3, 57,000 sq. The Ganga Plains extend from the Yamuna river in the west to the western borders of Bangla­desh covering a distance of about 1,400 km and an average width of 300 km (between the Siwaliks in the north and the Peninsular Uplands in the south).